{"id":106,"date":"2020-04-13T18:09:59","date_gmt":"2020-04-14T00:09:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/?page_id=106"},"modified":"2020-04-13T18:12:48","modified_gmt":"2020-04-14T00:12:48","slug":"background","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/background\/","title":{"rendered":"Background"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Lactate Physiology<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-107\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/graph-300x191.png\" alt=\"graph\" width=\"300\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/graph-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/graph-768x488.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/graph-650x413.png 650w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/graph.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Lactic acid is a clinical biomarker that, at high levels, can be measured to predict various types of tissue hypoperfusion, including sepsis, organ failure, and hemorrhage. Physiological lactate levels in the blood are 1 mM, and lactate levels are life-threatening above 4 mM.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Current Methods<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-108\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/fig2-300x240.png\" alt=\"fig2\" width=\"300\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/fig2-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/fig2-768x614.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/fig2-650x520.png 650w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/fig2.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most common method for measuring lactate levels is the use of periodic blood draws which are then sent for chemical analysis. Some groups have proposed devices that use microneedles or do real-time intravenous measurements of lactate levels using electrochemical sensors. These methods have been shown to be extremely accurate; however, they are highly invasive and have a limited scope. Additionally, electrochemical sensors that measure blood lactate indirectly using sweat or saliva have been designed, mostly for athletic use. These methods have shown to be less accurate and not as robust.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Optics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-109\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3310\/2020\/04\/optics-e1586821654318.png\" alt=\"optics\" width=\"205\" height=\"115\" \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Optics provides an opportunity for non-invasive measurement &amp; quick deployment.\u00a0 In a previous study (LaFrance 2003)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">,\u00a0 near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure blood lactate levels. NIRS was used because it offered the best signal to noise ratio as well as limited the effect of water\u00a0interference. In another study (Abu-Khalaf et al. 2013)<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the most optimal wavelengths were chosen based on characteristics of the nail, skin, and blood.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lactate Physiology Lactic acid is a clinical biomarker that, at high levels, can be measured to predict various types of tissue hypoperfusion, including sepsis, organ failure, and hemorrhage. Physiological lactate levels in the blood are 1 mM, and lactate levels are life-threatening above 4 mM. Current Methods The most common method for measuring lactate levels&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8632,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-106","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/106","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8632"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=106"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/106\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":112,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/106\/revisions\/112"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=106"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/nicolas2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}