Clostridioides difficile Toxin A Remodels Membranes and Mediates DNA Entry Into Cells to Activate Toll Like Receptor 9 Signaling

Clostridioides difficile toxin A (TcdA) activates the innate immune response. TcdA co-purifies with DNA. Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes bacterial DNA to initiate inflammation. We investigated whether DNA bound to TcdA activates an inflammatory response in murine models of C difficile infection (CDI) via activation of TLR9.

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