Oral drug delivery is the most attractive pathway for ulcerative colitis (UC) therapy, since it has many advantages. However, this strategy has encountered many challenges, including the instability of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract (GT), low targeting of disease tissues, and severe adverse effects. Nanoparticles capable of colitis-tissue-targeted delivery and site-specific drug release may offer a unique and therapeutically effective system that addresses these formidable challenges.