In contrast with celiac disease, (CD) which is characterized by an immune-based reaction to gluten, primarily involving the small intestine, in genetically predisposed individuals, nonceliac gluten sensitivity or, more accurately, nonceliac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) is an emerging but less well-characterized clinical entity, although negative serum tissue transglutaminase and endomysial antibodies, absent intestinal villous atrophy, and negative immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated immune allergy tests to wheat are included as proposed criteria for the diagnosis.