There is a global increase in the incidence of liver cirrhosis, and although specific disease therapies are available, there is a large population of patients with advanced cirrhosis who are prone to regular decompensation and an increased risk of liver-related death. Although end-stage liver cirrhosis can be treated by liver transplantation, this option is limited owing to a global shortage of suitable organs. Even if liver transplantation is possible, it necessitates lifelong immunosuppression, which carries increased risk of associated morbidities.