The major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a contemporary clinical practice is becoming increasingly related to post sustained virological response hepatitis C, suppressed hepatitis B virus on treatment, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We review the emerging data on the risk and determinants of HCC in these conditions, and the implications to HCC surveillance. However, from a public health perspective, active hepatitis C and B continue to drive most of the global burden of HCC.