{"id":705,"date":"2020-10-24T03:56:22","date_gmt":"2020-10-24T03:56:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/?page_id=705"},"modified":"2020-11-16T16:56:25","modified_gmt":"2020-11-16T16:56:25","slug":"traumatic-brain-injury","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/2020-topics\/traumatic-brain-injury\/","title":{"rendered":"Traumatic Brain Injury"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000\">What is a Traumatic Brain Injury?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A Traumatic Brain Injury is an injury to the brain that damages basic and standard brain function. Traumatic brain injury can be classified as moderate, mild, or severe. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The most common causes for traumatic brain injury is falls. There are other causes such as concussions in sports, car accidents, and being struck with objects. Traumatic brain injury can initially cause unconsciousness and comas, and over time change a persons behavior and their communication skills both verbally and nonverbally.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1265\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/Soccer-collision-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Soccer collision\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/Soccer-collision-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/Soccer-collision-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/Soccer-collision.jpg 626w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Prevalence<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">About 20% of adolescents in grades 7-12 are thought to have sustained a TBI, and men are 2.4 times as likely to sustain a TBI in their lifetime than women. Also, young white children and older poor African Americans are the most likely populations to sustain a TBI.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div style=\"width: 584px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('video');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-705-1\" width=\"584\" height=\"546\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/IntroductionRight-Hemisphere.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/IntroductionRight-Hemisphere.mp4\">https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/IntroductionRight-Hemisphere.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Video: Introduction and Right Hemisphere<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000\">Types of Damage<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000\">Right Hemisphere Damage:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1132 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/16779-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Human brain two different colored symbolic left and right cerebral hemispheres model image icon abstract vector illustration\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/16779-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/16779-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/16779-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/16779-1024x1024.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">A TBI in the right hemisphere most often affects pragmatics and social communication. The characteristics of right hemisphere damage can be sorted into three main categories: linguistic, nonverbal, and reading comprehension.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000\">Linguistic Characteristics<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Inability to understand metaphors, sarcasm, jokes, or irony<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Difficulties in speech organization and cohesion<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Egocentric responses and an impaired theory of mind<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Inability to understand conversational cues or follow social conventions<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000\">Nonverbal Characteristics:<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Inability to understand gestures or nonverbal conversational cues<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Poor eye contact<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Trouble with turn taking<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Difficulties reading and understanding facial expressions<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000\">Reading Comprehension Characteristics:<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1129 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/book-2943383_640-300x150.png\" alt=\"book-2943383_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/book-2943383_640-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/book-2943383_640-500x250.png 500w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/book-2943383_640.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Difficulties in following the theme of the story<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Inability to understand metaphors or other non-literal phrases<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Significant difficulties in reading more advanced passages or books.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000\">Reduced reading speed and fluency<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<div style=\"width: 584px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-705-2\" width=\"584\" height=\"365\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/zoom_0-1.mp4?_=2\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/zoom_0-1.mp4\">https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/zoom_0-1.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Video: Temporal Lobe Damage<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Temporal Lobe Damage<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1261\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/Temporal-lobe-250x300.jpg\" alt=\"Temporal lobe in 3D view\" width=\"250\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/Temporal-lobe-250x300.jpg 250w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/Temporal-lobe.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">A TBI in the Temporal Lobe affects memory and language comprehension. The Temporal Lobe includes Wernicke&#8217;s Area, which is the hub for all language comprehension and development, and can explain why these characteristics are observed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Difficulty with overall language comprehension in regular conversation<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Decreased listening comprehension<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Difficulty making inferences and using context<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Difficulty understanding figurative language (similes, metaphors, hyperboles)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Loss of ability to process words and phrases with multiple meanings<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Loss of ability to process abstract concepts and phrases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Because Wernicke&#8217;s Area is the hub of comprehension, the effects of TBI in this region of the brain are all nonverbal.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div style=\"width: 584px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-705-3\" width=\"584\" height=\"329\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/zoom_0_Trim.mp4?_=3\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/zoom_0_Trim.mp4\">https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/zoom_0_Trim.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Video: Frontal Lobe Damage<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Frontal Lobe Damage<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/media.istockphoto.com\/photos\/frontal-lobe-human-brain-in-xray-view-picture-id136557147\" alt=\"Frontal lobe - Human brain in x-ray view http:\/\/www.theeuphoria.com\/01b.jpg Frontal Lobe Stock Photo\" width=\"204\" height=\"204\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">A Traumatic Brain Injury in the Frontal Lobe will directly affect memory and linguistic production. The Broca&#8217;s area will have deficits and speech and sound.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Linguistic Characteristics<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Pronouncing syllables<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Conversational synchrony<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Linguistic production<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Speech and Sound discrimination<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nonverbal Characteristics<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Issues with problem solving<\/li>\n<li>Damage working memory<\/li>\n<li>Reduced emotion<\/li>\n<li>Have problems understanding humor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Interventions<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1173 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/4824-300x167.jpg\" alt=\"Woman visiting psychologist\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/4824-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/4824-768x427.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/4824-1024x569.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn.vanderbilt.edu\/t2-my\/my-prd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2942\/2020\/10\/4824-500x278.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>There are many interventions for right hemisphere damage, including group therapies, individual exercises, post-acute rehabilitation programs, and social skills training.\u00a0Three particularly effective interventions for TBIs in all areas of the brain are\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">interpersonal process recall<\/span>,<span style=\"color: #339966\"> cognitive rehabilitation,<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">school interventions<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Interpersonal process recall\u00a0<\/span>involves a client and a specialist having a conversation while being videotaped. After this conversation, the client and their interventionist review the footage together and discuss it. During their discussion, they talk about the choices made by the client, the social cues it gave, and the feelings the client had in the discussion. They also use the tape as a tool to go back and reenact parts of the conversation where breakdowns occurred. This allows a client to fix their breakdown with the help of the interventionist.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966\">Cognitive rehabilitation <\/span>is a set of treatments that focuses on the temporal lobe damage and aims to increase one&#8217;s capacity to comprehend and interpret language, thus increasing their everyday conversational abilities.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The restorative approach of this method focuses on neuron growth by repeated use of the neurons, causing an improvement in function<\/li>\n<li>The compensatory approach of this method creates strategies to help work around those impaired functions, and should only be used as a last resort, and if the restorative approach has not worked<\/li>\n<li>The most important part of this intervention is allowing the patient to be self aware of the work that is going on, which will allow them to focus in better on which aspects of their comprehension need the most help<\/li>\n<li>For more mild nonverbal TBIs, speech language pathologists are another very effective intervention, as they work individually with patients to create a plan with short and long term goals, using modified teaching and activities. These activities include modeling and feedback, visual matching, and activity based therapy, and help the patient improve comprehension over time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">School interventions<\/span>\u00a0will have four specific cognitive impairments.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Attention<\/li>\n<li>Memory<\/li>\n<li>Organization<\/li>\n<li>Writing<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>To deal with the cognitive impairments, students will have accommodations.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Simplified classroom<\/li>\n<li>Headphones to help the student focus<\/li>\n<li>Unique calendar<\/li>\n<li>Rest periods during instruction<\/li>\n<li>Slower pace of instruction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Informational Video<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wlYiDxNcMdc\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wlYiDxNcMdc<\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Traumatic Brain Injuries:  Effects of damage to different lobes of the brain\" width=\"584\" height=\"329\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wlYiDxNcMdc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Additional Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/traumaticbraininjury\/index.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/traumaticbraininjury\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.braintrauma.org\/\">https:\/\/www.braintrauma.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/traumaticbraininjury.html\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/traumaticbraininjury.html<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Photo credits:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Header:\u00a0Image by Raman Oza from Pixabay<\/li>\n<li>Right brain image: Poster vector created by macrovector<\/li>\n<li>Books: Image by 200 Degrees from Pixabay<\/li>\n<li>Interventions:\u00a0People vector created by pch.vector<\/li>\n<li>Frontal Lobe:\u00a0 Image by Juanella from pixabay<\/li>\n<li>Temporal Lobe: Image by Janulia on istockphoto<\/li>\n<li>Soccer Image: arammart on Freepik<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is a Traumatic Brain Injury? A Traumatic Brain Injury is an injury to the brain that damages basic and standard brain function. Traumatic brain injury can be classified as moderate, mild, or severe. The most common causes for traumatic &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/2020-topics\/traumatic-brain-injury\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9071,"featured_media":1125,"parent":677,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-705","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/705","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9071"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=705"}],"version-history":[{"count":56,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/705\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1307,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/705\/revisions\/1307"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/677"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1125"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/my.vanderbilt.edu\/speds2430\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=705"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}